Bilder i hjemmet – hvordan visuelle uttrykk definerer muslimske rom i Norge

Birte Brekketo

doi:10.7577/formakademisk.3916

Authors

Birte Brekketo OsloMet

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.3916

Keywords:

visual and religious identity, secular-religious, organization, diaspora

Abstract

The aim of this article is to investigate how Norwegian Muslim families cope with dilemmas created by contradictory traditions, such as Islamic and Western traditions, and to explore how they construct their visual and religious identity living in diaspora. The article is based on research that includes interviews with twenty young informants. The informants explain that they and their families classify pictures into two main categories: Religious calligraphic pictures are treated according to customs and rituals in the home. When it comes to figurative pictures with secular focus, the situation is different. Some figurative pictures, especially photographic portraits, generate conflicts in the families. There are different points of views regarding such pictures in Islam. The photographic portrait is often perceived as an agent in its own right, it is considered to inspire the beholder’s imagination and to have a disturbing influence if situated in places of prayer. Many pray at home, and some organization of the homely space is required.

References

Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2003). The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. Elfarouq Foundation. (Opprinnelig utgitt 1960)

Bal, M. (2003). Visual Essentialism and the Object of Visual Culture. Journal of Visual Culture 2(1), 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/147041290300200101 https://doi.org/10.1177/147041290300200101

Bourdieu, P. (1995). Distinksjonen. En sosiologisk kritikk av dømmekraften. Pax.

Brekketo, B. (2013). Taswir i norsk kontekst. En undersøkelse av hvordan unge norskpakistanske muslimer forholder seg til visuell kommunikasjon med figurative uttrykk. (Doktoravhandling). Universitetet i Bergen.

Brekketo, B. (2014). Taswir – perspektiver frå en meningsutveksling om figurativ fremstilling i sunni-islam. FormAkademisk – Forskningstidsskrift for design og designdidaktikk, 7(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.899 https://doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.899

Didi-Huberman, G. (2005). Confronting Images: Questioning the Ends of a Certain History of Art. The Pennsylvania State University Press.

Elkins, J. (2007). Art History as a Global Discipline. I J. Elkins (Ed.), Is Art History Global? (pp. 3-24). Routledge.

Freedberg, D. (1989). The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226259031.001.0001 https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226259031.001.0001

Gell, A. (1998). Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Clarendon Press.

Giddens, A. (1997). Modernitet og selvidentitet. Selvet og samfundet under senmoderniteten. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Grabar, O. (2005). Early Islamic Art, 650-1100: Constructing the Study of Islamic Art. Ashgate Publishing Company.

Grabar, O. (2006). Islamic Art and Beyond. Ashgate Publishing Company.

Gruber, C. (2009). Between Logos (Kalima) and Light (Nür): Representations of the Prophet Muhammad in Islamic Painting. Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World, 26(1), 229-263. https://doi.org/10.1163/22118993_02601011 https://doi.org/10.1163/22118993_02601011

Jacobsen, C. M. (2006). Staying on the Straight Path: Religious Identities and Practices among Young Muslims in Norway. (Doktoravhandling). Universitetet i Bergen.

Kesner, L. (2007). Is a Truly Global History Possible? I J. Elkins (Ed.), Is Art History Global? (pp. 81-112). Routledge.

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1986). Phenomenology of Perception. Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Opprinnelig publisert 1962)

Mirza, Y. (2005). Abraham as an Iconoclast: Understanding the Destruction of ‘Images’ through Qur’anic Exegesis. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 16(4), 413-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410500250222 https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410500250222

Mitchell, W. J. T. (2003). The Obscure Object of Visual Culture. Responses to Mieke Bal’s ‘Visual Essentialism and the Object of Visual Culture’. Journal of Visual Culture 2(2), 249-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/14704129030022010 https://doi.org/10.1177/14704129030022010

Mitchell, W. J. T. (2008 [1995]). What is Visual Culture? In J. Morra & M. Smith (Eds.), What is Visual Culture Studies? (bind 1, pp. 298-312). Routledge.

Morgan, D. 2005. The Sacred Gaze: Religious Visual Culture in Theory and Practice. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520938304 https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520938304

Moxey, K. (2008). Visual Studies and the Iconic Turn. Journal of Visual Culture 7(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412908091934 https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412908091934

Naguib, S.-A. (2002). The Northern Way: Muslim Communities in Norway. I Y. Y. Haddad & J. I. Smith (Eds.), Muslim Minorities in the West: Visible and Invisible (pp. 161-175). Altamira Press.

Østberg, S. (2003). Muslim i Norge. Universitetsforlaget.

Qureshi, R. B. (1996). Transcending Space: Recitation and Community among South Asian Muslims in Canada. I B. D. Metcalf (Ed.), Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe (pp. 46-65). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520917439-006 https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520917439-006

Ramadan, T. (2004 [1999]). At være europæisk muslim: Islamske kilder i en europæisk sammenheng. Forlaget Hovedland.

Rogan, B. & Naguib S.-A. (2011). Materiell kultur og forskning på tvers. En introduksjon. I S.-A. Naguib & B. Rogan (Red.), Materiell kultur & kulturens materialitet (ss. 9-19). Novus Forlag.

Rolness, K. (1995). Med smak skal hjemmet bygges. Aschehoug.

Shakir, A. M. A.-R. (1998). The Islamic Ruling Concerning At-Tasweer. Zakee Muwwakkil’s Books & Articles.

Thorbjørnsrud, B. (2004). Motstand mot slør/motstand med slør. I N. Høstmælingen (Red.), Hijab i Norge (ss. 36-52). Abstrakt forlag.

Vogt, K. (2004). Historien om et hodeplagg. I N. Høstmælingen (Red.), Hijab i Norge (ss. 23-36). Abstrakt forlag.

Ziehe, T. (1989). Kulturanalyser. Ungdom, utbildning, modernitet. Symposion Forlag.

Aase, T. H. (1997). Tolkning av kategorier. Observasjon, begrep og kategori. I E. Fossåskaret, O. L. Fuglestad & T. H. Aase (Reds.), Metodisk feltarbeid: Produksjon og tolkning av kvalitative data (ss. 143-167). Universitetsforlaget.