Exposure to smoking in films and smoking behaviour among Norwegian 15- to 20-year-olds: a cross-sectional study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2087Keywords:
exposure to smoking in films, smoking initiation, media effects, movies, adolescents and young adults, motion pictures - content ratingsAbstract
Studies from several countries have revealed significant effects of exposure to smoking in films on smoking behaviour and attitudes among adolescents. This study presents the first findings from the Scandinavian cultural region on this topic. With the objective to test for significant adjusted relationships between exposure to smoking in films and established smoking among 15- to 20-year-old respondents, and susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers in the same age group, a cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2008. 807 Norwegian adolescents and young adults answered a web-based questionnaire. Exposure to smoking in films is estimated by asking the respondents if they had seen films from a list of 56 popular film titles of both local and foreign origin from 2007 and 2008. Associations of exposure and smoking behaviour are tested in two logistic regression models. Respondents with the highest exposure to film smoking are more likely to be established smokers than those with no exposure (adjusted odds ratios=2.22, confidence interval=1.04-4.77). Among non-smokers, those with highest exposure to smoking in films are more likely to be susceptible to smoking than those with no exposure (adjusted odds rations=1.55, confidence interval=0.93-2.56). Film smoking is significantly associated with smoking susceptibility and established smoking among Norwegian adolescents and young adults.
References
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Sargent, J.D., Dalton, M.A., Beach, M.L., et al. (2002). Viewing tobacco use in movies: Does it shape attitudes that mediate adolescent smoking? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 137-145.
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Titus-Ernstoff, L., Dalton, M.A., Adachi-Mejia, A.M., et al. (2008). Longitudinal study of viewing smoking in movies and initiation of smoking by children. Pediatrics, 121(1), 15-21.
US National Cancer Institute (2008). Monograph 19: The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use. Bethesda, MD: US National Institutes of Health.
Vedøy, T.F. & Skretting, A. (2009). Young people and drugs. Results from questionnaires 1968-2008 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research; SIRUS-rapport 5/2009.
Waylen, A.E., Leary, S.D., Ness, A.R., et al. (2011). Cross-sectional association between smoking depictions in films and adolescent tobacco use nested in a British cohort study. Thorax, 66(10), 856-861.
Wilkinson, A.V., Spitz, M.R., Prokhorov, A.V., et al. (2009). Exposure to smoking imagery in the movies and experimenting with cigarettes among Mexican heritage youth. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(12), 3435-3443.
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World Health Organization (2011). Smoke-free movies: From evidence to action (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (2015). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/reportontrendstobaccosmoking/en/
Dal Cin, S., Stoolmiller, M. & Sargent, J.D. (2013). Exposure to smoking in movies and smoking initiation among black youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(4), 345-350.
Dalton, M., Beach, M., Adachi-Mejia, A. et al. (2009). Early exposure to movie smoking predicts established smoking by older teens and young adults. Pediatrics, 123(4), e551-558.
Dalton, M.A., Sargent, J.D., Beach, M.L., et al. (2003). Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: A cohort study. Lancet, 362(9380), 281-285.
Dalton, M.A., Tickle, J.J., Sargent, J.D., et al. (2002). The incidence and context of tobacco use in popular movies from 1988 to 1997. Preventive Medicine, 34(5), 516-523.
Hanewinkel, R. & Sargent, J.D. (2008). Exposure to smoking in internationally distributed American movies and youth smoking in Germany: A cross-cultural cohort study. Pediatrics, 121(1), e108-117.
Hanewinkel, R. & Sargent, J.D. (2007). Exposure to smoking in popular contemporary movies and youth smoking in Germany. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(6), 466-473.
Hanewinkel, R., Sargent, J.D., Karlsdóttir, S., et al. (2013). High youth access to movies that contain smoking in Europe compared with the USA. Tobacco Control, 22(4), 241-244.
Hines, D., Saris, R.N. & Throckmorton-Belzer, L. (2000). Cigarette smoking in popular films: Does it increase viewers' likelihood to smoke? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(11), 2246-2269.
Hunt, K., Henderson, M., Wight, D., et al. (2011). Exposure to smoking in films and own smoking among Scottish adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Thorax, 66(10), 866-874.
Hunt, K., Sweeting, H., Sargent, J.D., et al. (2009). An examination of the association between seeing smoking in films and tobacco use in young adults in the west of Scotland: cross-sectional study. Health Education Research, 24(1), 22-31.
Islam, S.M.S. & Johnson, C.A. (2007). Western media's influence on Egyptian adolescents' smoking behavior: The mediating role of positive beliefs about smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(1), 57-64.
Jackson, C., Brown, J.D. & L’Engle, K.L. (2007). R-Rated movies, bedroom televisions, and initiation of smoking by white and black adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(3), 260-268.
Jackson, C., Henriksen, L. & Foshee, V.A. (1998). The authoritative parenting index: predicting health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Health Education and Behavior, 25(3), 319-337.
Lochbuehler, K., Peters, M., Scholte, R.H., et al. (2010). Effects of smoking cues in movies on immediate smoking behaviour. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(9), 913-918.
Lochbuehler, K., Voogd, H., Scholte, R.H., et al. (2011). Attentional bias in smokers: exposure to dynamic smoking cues in contemporary movies. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(4), 514-519.
McMillen, R.C., Tanski, S., Winickoff, J.P., et al. (2007). Attitudes about smoking in the movies. Social Climate Survey of Tobacco Control. Mississippi State University Social Science Research Center, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Millett, C. & Glantz, S.A. (2010). Assigning an ‘18’ rating to movies with tobacco imagery is essential to reduce youth smoking (editorial). Thorax, 65(5), 377-337.
Morgenstern, M., Poelen, E.A.P., Scholte, R., et al. (2011). Smoking in movies and adolescent smoking: cross-cultural study in six European countries. Thorax, 66(10), 875-882.
Morgenstern, M., Sargent, J.D., Engels, R.C, et al. (2013). Smoking in movies and adolescent smoking initiation: longitudinal study in six European countries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(4), 339-344.
OECD Income distribution statistics (2014). http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=IDD
Pechmann, C. & Shih, C. (1999). Smoking in movies and antismoking advertisements before movies: Effects on youth. Journal of Marketing, 63(3), 1-13.
Pierce, J.P., Choi, W.S., Gilpin, E.A., et al. (1996). Validation of susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States. Health Psychology, 15(5), 335-361.
Primack, B.A., Longacre, M., Beach, M.L., et al. (2012). Established smoking among adolescents and its association with early and late exposure to smoking depicted in movies. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), S13.
Sargent, J. (2006). Smoking in film and impact on adolescent smoking: with special reference to European adolescents. Minerva Pediatrica, 58(1), 27-45.
Sargent, J.D., Beach, M.L., Adachi-Mejia, A., et al. (2005). Exposure to movie smoking: its relation to smoking initiation among US adolescents. Pediatrics, 116(5), 1183-1191.
Sargent, J.D., Beach, M.L., Dalton, M.A., et al. (2001). Effect of seeing tobacco use in films on trying smoking among adolescents: cross sectional study. BMJ, 323(7326), 1394-1397.
Sargent, J.D., Dalton, M.A., Beach, M.L., et al. (2002). Viewing tobacco use in movies: Does it shape attitudes that mediate adolescent smoking? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 137-145.
Sargent, J.D., Stoolmiller, M., Worth, K.A., et al. (2007). Exposure to smoking depictions in movies: Its association with established adolescent smoking. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(9), 849-856.
Skretting, A., Bye, E.K., Vedøy, T.F., et al. (2015) Rusmidler i Norge 2014. Oslo: SIRUS. http://www.sirus.no/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/RIN2014norsk.pdf.
Song, A.V., Ling, P.M., Neilands, T.B., et al. (2007). Smoking in movies and increased smoking among young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 396-403.
Thrasher, J.F., Jackson, C., Arillo-Santillan, E., et al. (2008). Exposure to smoking imagery in popular films and adolescent smoking in Mexico. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(2), 95-102.
Thrasher, J.F., Sargent, J.D., Huang, L., et al. (2009). Does film smoking promote youth smoking in middle-income countries? A longitudinal study among Mexican adolescents. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(12), 3444-3450.
Titus-Ernstoff, L., Dalton, M.A., Adachi-Mejia, A.M., et al. (2008). Longitudinal study of viewing smoking in movies and initiation of smoking by children. Pediatrics, 121(1), 15-21.
US National Cancer Institute (2008). Monograph 19: The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use. Bethesda, MD: US National Institutes of Health.
Vedøy, T.F. & Skretting, A. (2009). Young people and drugs. Results from questionnaires 1968-2008 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research; SIRUS-rapport 5/2009.
Waylen, A.E., Leary, S.D., Ness, A.R., et al. (2011). Cross-sectional association between smoking depictions in films and adolescent tobacco use nested in a British cohort study. Thorax, 66(10), 856-861.
Wilkinson, A.V., Spitz, M.R., Prokhorov, A.V., et al. (2009). Exposure to smoking imagery in the movies and experimenting with cigarettes among Mexican heritage youth. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(12), 3435-3443.
Wilkinson, R. & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level. Why equality is better for everyone. London: Penguin Books.
World Health Organization (2011). Smoke-free movies: From evidence to action (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (2015). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/reportontrendstobaccosmoking/en/
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2015-09-19
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Sæbø, G., & Lund, I. (2015). Exposure to smoking in films and smoking behaviour among Norwegian 15- to 20-year-olds: a cross-sectional study. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 6. https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2087
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