Reflection on racialization, whiteness, and researcher positionality as 'not-quite-white' in the field of educational studies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7577/rerm.6122Keywords:
researcher positionality, vignette, affect, sticky emotion, racialization, whiteness, Nordic exceptionalism, ethnography, racialized studentsAbstract
This article draws on two autoethnographic vignettes from an ethnographic field study conducted in a Danish elementary school over six months. By unfolding two vignettes from photo-elicitation interviews (PEIs), the study analyses how researcher positionality relates to students’ experiences of marginalization and makes feelings of being racialized or othered come to the fore. The study proposes the notion of ‘sticky’ emotion and affect as an analytical lens that provides a more critically reflexive analytical framework to address the interactions between the researcher, racialized students, positionalities, and the research process. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the discussion and reflection on racialization and whiteness to challenge the pull of racialization. The theoretical framework draws on the concepts of whiteness and racialization, which is followed by methodological reflections on researcher positionality.
Keywords: researcher positionality, vignette, affect, ‘sticky’ emotion, racialization, whiteness, Nordic exceptionalism, ethnography, racialized students
Metrics
References
Ahmed, S. (2004). Affective economies. Social Text, 22(2), 117-139. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/soc/summary/v022/22.2ahmed.html
Ahmed, S. (2007). A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist Theory, 8(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700107078139
Ahmed, S. 2012. On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press.
Ahmed, S. (2014). The cultural politics of emotion (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09x4q
Ahmed, S. (2004). The cultural politics of emotions (1st ed.). Edinburgh University press.
Ahmed, S. (2013). Strange encounters: Embodied others in post-coloniality. Routledge
Ahmed, S. (2017). Living a feminist life. Duke University Press
Annamma, S.A., Jackson, D. & Morrison, D. (2017). Conceptualizing color-evasiveness: Using dis/ability Critical Race Theory to expand a color-blind racial ideology in education and beyond. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 20 (2), 147-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1248837
Andreassen, R., & Myong, L. (2017). Race, gender, and researcher positionality analysed through memory work. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 7(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1515/njmr-2017-0011
Basha, S., & Skrefsrud, T.-A. (2023). Countering narratives of identity and belonging: Multicultural school events from a student perspective. In V. Tavares & T.-A. Skrefsrud (Eds.), Challenges and opportunities facing diversity in Nordic education (pp. 313–336). Lexington Books.
Basha, S. (2022). Minoritetsforældres konstruktion af kulturel identitet ved deltagelse på en flerkulturel skolefestival. Forskning i pædagogers profession og uddannelse, 6(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.7146/fppu.v6i1.132319
Berg, A. (2008). Silence and articulation: Whiteness, racialization and feminist memory work. Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 16(4), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740802446492
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2019). Feeling race. Theorizing the racial economy of emotions. American Sociological Review, 84(1), 1– 25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418816958
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2014). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Bourke, B. (2014). Positionality: Reflecting on the research process. The Qualitative Report, 19(33), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1026
Chadwick, R. (2021). On the politics of discomfort. Feminist Theory, 22(4), 556–574 https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700120987379
Clarke, K. & Vertelyte, M. (2023). Educational challenges for Nordic exceptionalism: Epistemic injustice in the absence of antiracist education. In E. L. Engebretsen & M. Liinason (Eds.), Transforming identities in contemporary Europe: Critical essays on knowledge, inequality and belonging (pp. 33–50). Routledge
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039
Danbolt, M., & Myong, L. (2019). Racial turns and returns: Recalibrations of racial exceptionalism in Danish public debates on racism. In Hervik, P. (Ed.), Racialization, racism, and antiracism in the Nordic countries (pp. 39–61). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74630-2
Dankertsen, A. (2019). I felt so white: Sámi racialization, indigeneity, and shades of whiteness. NAIS Journal of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, 6(2), 110–137. https://doi.org/10.5749/natiindistudj.6.2.0110
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2000). Introduction. In Delgado, R. & Stafancic, J. (Eds.), Critical race theory: The cutting edge (2nd ed.) (pp. 1–14). Temple University Press
DeLuca, J. R., & Maddox, C. B. (2015). Tales from the ethnographic field: Navigating Feelings of Guilt and Privilege in the Research Process. Field Methods, 28(3), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X15611375
Dyer, R. 1997. White. Routledge.
Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher as subject. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (p. 733–768). Sage.
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press.
Eriksen, K.G. (2021). "We usually don't talk that way about Europe …" Interrupting the coloniality of Norwegian citizenship education [Doctoral dissertation, University of South-East Norway].https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2740482
Eriksen, K. G., & Svendsen, S. H. B. (2020). Decolonial options in education–interrupting coloniality and inviting alternative conversations. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.3859
Eriksen, K. G. & Stein, S. (2022). Good intentions, colonial relations: Interrupting the white emotional equilibrium of Norwegian citizenship education. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 44(3), 210 – 230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2021.1959210
Frankenberg, R. (1993).White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness. University of Minnesota Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttsnhh
Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters: The Social construction of whiteness. University of Minnesota Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttsnhh.5
Fylkesnes, S. (2018). Whiteness in teacher education discourses: A review of the discursive usage and meaning making of the term cultural diversity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 71, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.12.005
Fylkesnes, S. (2019). Whiteness in teacher education discourses: An analysis of the discursive usage and meaning making of the term cultural diversity [Doctoral dissertation], Oslo Metropolitan University.
Gillborn, D. (2015). Intersectionality, critical race theory, and the primacy of racism: Race, class, gender, and disability in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10. 1177/1077800414557827
Gordon, J. (2005). White on white: Researcher reflexivity and the logics of privilege in white schools undertaking reform. The Urban Review, 37(4), 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-005-0015-1
Gullestad, M. (2004). “Blind slaves of our prejudices: Debating ‘culture’ and ‘race’ in Norway.” Ethnos,69(2), 177–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/0014184042000212858
Gullestad, M. (2002). Invisible fences: Egalitarianism, nationalism and racism. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00098
Haraway, D. J. (2016). Staying with the trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw25q
Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 4(3), 575–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066
Harding, S. (Ed.). (2004). The feminist standpoint theory reader. Intellectual and political controversies. Routledge
Harper, D. (2002).Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation, Visual Studies, 17(1), 13–26. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860220137345
Hertz, R. (Ed.) (1997). Reflexivity & voice. Sage Publications.
Hervik, P. (2019). Racialization in the Nordic countries: An Introduction. In Hervik, P. (Ed.) Racialization, racism, and anti-racism in the Nordic countries (pp. 3–37). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74630-2
Hemmings, C. (2012). Affective solidarity: Feminist reflexivity and political transformation. Feminist Theory, 13(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700112442643
Holmes, A. G. D. (2020). Researcher positionality—A consideration of its influence and place in qualitative research—A new researcher guide. Shanlax International Journal of Education 8(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232
Humphreys, M. (2005). Getting personal: Reflexivity and autoethnographic vignettes. Qualitative Inquiry, 11(6), 840–860. https://doi-org.ezproxy.oslomet.no/10.1177/1077800404269425
Hübinette, T. (2014). Racial stereotypes and Swedish antiracism: A Swedish crisis of multiculturalism? In K. Loftsdóttir & L. Jensen (Eds.), Crisis in Nordic nations and beyond (pp. 69–85). Ashgate.
Hübinette, T., & Lundström (2023). The emergence and development of the world’s first colourblind nation. In T. Hübinette, C. Lundström & P. Wikström (Eds.), Race in Sweden: Racism and antiracism in the world’s first “colourblind” nation (pp. 33–65). Routledge.
Khawaja, I., Christensen, T.W., & Mørck,L.( 2023). Dehumanization and a psychology of deglobalization: Double binds and movements beyond radicalization and racialized mis-interpellation. Theory & Psychology, 33(2), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543221138541
Kühle, L. (2024). Ignited by the Qur’an: Paludan’s attempt to produce global injustice symbols at the freedom of expression/blasphemy nexus. Temenos - Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion, 60(1), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.136706
Lapiņa, L., & Vertelytė, M. (2020). ‘Eastern European’, yes, but how? Autoethnographic accounts of differentiated whiteness. NORA-Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 28(3), 237–250. https//doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1762731
Lew, J. (2010). Insider and outsider: Reflexivity and intersubjectivity in ethnography. In K. A. Scott & W. J. Blanchett (Eds.), Research in urban educational settings: Lessons learned and implications for future practice (pp. 163–176). IAP.
Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R., Harwood, S. A., & Browne Huntt, M. (2016). "Ain’t I a woman?": Perceived gendered racial microaggressions experienced by Black women. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(5), 758–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000016641193
Lipsitz, G. (1995). The possessive investment in whiteness: Racialized social democracy and the "white" problem in American studies. American Quarterly, 47(3), 369–387. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713291
Li, H. J. (2021). The lived class and racialization – histories of ‘foreign workers’ children’s’ school experiences in Denmark, Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 7(3), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/20020317.2021.1985413
Loftsdóttir, K. (2014). Nordic exceptionalism and the image of blackness in Iceland. African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal, 7(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2013.858920
Loftsdóttir, K., & Jensen, L. (2012). Nordic exceptionalism and the Nordic ‘Others’’. In Loftsdóttir, K. & Jensen, L. (Eds.). Whiteness and the postcolonialism in the Nordic region: Exceptionalism, migrant others and national identities (pp. 1–13). Ashgate.
McIntosh, P. (1997). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women’s studies. In Delgado, R. and Stefancic, J. (Eds.). Critical White studies (pp. 291–299). Temple University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bw1kc5.66
Miles, R. (1994). A rise of racism and fascism in contemporary Europe? Some sceptical reflections on its nature and extent. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 20(4), 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1994.9976453
Nelson, R. (2020). Questioning identities/shifting identities: The impact of researching sex and gender on a researcher’s LGBT+ identity. Qualitative Research, 20(6), 910–926 https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941209145
Nielsen, A. S. (2019). White fear: Habitual whiteness and racialization of the threat of terror in Danish news journalism. In Hervik, P. (Ed.), Racialization, racism, and anti-racism in the Nordic countries (pp. 111–134). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74630-2
Pillow, W. (2003). Race-based methodologies: Multicultural methods or epistemological shifts? Counterpoints, 195, 181–202. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42978086
Pillow, W. (2003). Confession, catharsis, or cure? Rethinking the uses of reflexivity as methodological power in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(2), 175–196 . https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839032000060635
Puwar, N., 2004. Space Invaders: Race, Gender and Bodies Out of Place. Berg, Oxford
Rodriguez, J. K., & Ridgway, M. (2023). Intersectional reflexivity: Fieldwork experiences of ethnic minority women researcher. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(4), 1273–1295. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12977
Rush, K. (2022). Situating discomfort in the cracked art world: Discomfort from art, discomfort about art, and discomfort with (pther) people. Borderlands Journal, 21(2), 118–142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48767730
Sholock, A. (2012). Methodology of the privileged: White anti-racist feminism systematic ignorance, and epistemic uncertainty. Hypatia, 27(4), 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2012.01275.x
Vertelyte, M. (2019). Not so ordinary friendship: An ethnography of student friendships in a racially diverse Danish classroom. [Doctoral dissertation, Aalborg Universitet].
Vertelyte, M. (2024). Who are friends with whom? Performative boundary work of friendship in a diverse danish school. In N. Hammarén, B. Ivemark, & L. Stretmo (Eds.), Migrant Youth, Schooling and Identity: Young people and learning processes in school and everyday life (pp. 65–78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63345-4_5
Vertelyte, M., & Staunæs, D. (2021). From tolerance work to pedagogies of unease: Affective investments in Danish antiracist education. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 7(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/20020317.2021.2003006
Wilson, H. F. (2020). Discomfort: Transformative encounters and social change. Emotion, Space and Society, 37(4), 100681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2020.100681
Yang, A. (2021). Child-friendly racism? An ethnographical study on children's racialized becoming in a race-blind context. [PhD dissertation. Aalborg Universitet].https://doi.org/10.54337/aau466408959
Yan, C. T., Orlandimeje, R., Drucke, R., & Lang, A. (2022). Unsettling reflexivity and critical race pedagogy in social work education: Narratives from social work students. Social Work Education, 41, 1669–1692. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2021.1924665
Zhao,Y. (2015). Exploring the interactive space of the ‘outsider within’: Practising feminist situated knowledge in studying transnational adoption. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 23(2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814568361
Zhu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). Like water: Feeling and negotiating relational complexity in school-based ethnographic childhood research in China through the lens of emotional reflexivity. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 53(4), 516–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912416241246114
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Shpresa Basha

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).