Not just "sweet old ladies" - challenges in voluntary work in the long-term care services
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2174Keywords:
long-term care, volunteers, welfare state, professionals, dementia, service recipients, advanced practice nursing, future care planningAbstract
Introduction: The Norwegian government is addressing the need for increased voluntary work in the municipal care sector. Several reforms over the last decades have transferred important care tasks to the municipalities, as it is a political aim for people to live longer in their own homes. Despite important structural changes in the provision of public care services, less attention has been devoted to the investigation of how voluntary work interacts with the overall development of care tasks within municipal care services. This paper aims to discover how the contribution of volunteers matches the current needs of service recipients and the daily work of professional staff and, additionally, to discover what level of volunteer competence and qualifications are considered necessary when cooperating with staff.
Method: Eight case studies addressing opportunities and barriers to voluntary work in long-term care were carried out. Our study included participants from both voluntary organisations and long-term care.
Results: Volunteers were considered to fill important functions and gaps by providing social support, offering activities and by communicating with the service recipients. However, the poor health of service recipients risked putting undue strain on volunteers. Volunteers need to have personal qualifications, such as good observation and communication skills, in order to function well and be useful in their role as volunteers.
Discussion: Care is seen as a complex task requiring time, effort, and technical and social skills. Relational care is not easily distinguished from the overall care needs of service recipients. Service recipients in the municipalities are seen as increasingly frail and have complex health needs. With the expected increase in the number of elderly with dementia in the future, we may need to question whether volunteers are equipped to take on such advanced health problems.
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Hoad, P. (2002). Drawing the line: the boundaries of volunteering in the community care of older people. Health & social care in the community, 10(4), 239-246.
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Hunter, K. I., & Linn, M. W. (1981). Psychosocial differences between elderly volunteers and non-volunteers. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 12(3), 205-213.
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Hussein, S., & Manthorpe, J. (2014). Volunteers Supporting Older People in Formal Care Settings in England Personal and Local Factors Influencing Prevalence and Type of Participation. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 33(8), 923-941.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464812455098
Johansen, V., & Lofthus, A. (2011). Kommunenes rekruttering til og oppfølging av frivillig omsorg [Municipalities recruitment and follow up of volunteer carers]. ØF-notat nr.: 11/2011. Retrieved from http://www.ostforsk.no/old/images/notater/112011.pdf
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2015.04.003
Kristiansen, M., Westeren, K. I., Obstfelder, A., & Lotherington, A. T. (2016). Coping with increased managerial tasks: tensions and dilemmas in nursing leadership. Journal of Research in Nursing, 21(7), 492-502.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987116668940
Malterud, K. (2012). Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scandinavian journal of public health, 40(8), 795-805.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494812465030
Mellow, M. (2007). Hospital volunteers and carework. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 44(4), 451-467.
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00576.x
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https://doi.org/10.7557/14.3009
Studer, S., & von Schnurbein, G. (2013). Organizational factors affecting volunteers: A literature review on volunteer coordination. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(2), 403-440.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9268-y
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Anttonen, A., & Häikiö, L. (2011). Care 'going market': Finnish elderly-care policies in transition. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 2.
https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2050
https://doi.org/10.15845/njsr.v2i0.111
Baines, D. (2004). Caring for nothing: work organization and unwaged labour in social services. Work, Employment & Society, 18(2), 267-295.
https://doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042770
Bing-Jonsson, P. C., Hofoss, D., Kirkevold, M., Bjørk, I. T., & Foss, C. (2016). Sufficient competence in community elderly care? Results from a competence measurement of nursing staff. BMC nursing, 15(1), 1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-016-0124-z
Bing‐Jonsson, P. C., Bjørk, I. T., Hofoss, D., Kirkevold, M., & Foss, C. (2015). Competence in advanced older people nursing: development of 'Nursing older people–Competence evaluation tool'. International journal of older people nursing, 10(1), 59-72.
https://doi.org/10.1111/opn.12057
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Butler, S. S., & Eckart, D. (2007). Civic engagement among older adults in a rural community: A case study of the senior companion program. Journal of Community Practice, 15(3), 77-98.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v15n03_05
Davies, C. (1995). Gender and the professional predicament in nursing. Philadelphia: McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Fagforbundet. (2016). Setter søkelys på frivillig omsorg for gamle [Putting the spotlight on voluntary care for the elderly]. Retrieved from http://www.fagforbundet.no/Yrke/Sykepleier/setter-sokelys-pa-frivillig-omsorg-for-gamle/?article_id=139220
Fensli, M., Skaar, R., & Söderhamn, U. (2012). Frivilligsentral og offentlig omsorg-samhandling til brukers beste [Volunteer centrals and public care - cooperation to the best for the service receipients]. Nordisk Sygeplejeforskning.
Fjær, E. G., & Vabø, M. (2013). Shaping social situations: A hidden aspect of care work in nursing homes. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 419-427.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2013.10.002
Folkestad, B., Christensen, D. A., Strømsnes, K., & Selle, P. (2015). Frivillig innsats i Noreg 1998-2014: Kva kjenneteikner dei frivillige og kva har endra seg? [Voluntary work in Norway 1998-2014: What characterizes the volunteers and what has changed?]. Rapport fra Senter for forskning på sivilsamfunn og frivillig sektor.
Frederiksen, M. (2015). Dangerous, Endearing or Domesticated: How Nordic people think about volunteers as providers of public welfare services. Voluntas, 26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9578-y
Gautun, H., & Grødem, A. S. (2015). Prioritising care services: Do the oldest users lose out? International Journal of Social Welfare, 24(1), 73-80.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12116
Glasdam, S., Praestegaard, J., & Henriksen, N. (2013). Placed in homecare: Living an everyday life restricted by dependence and monitoring. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 4.
https://doi.org/10.15845/njsr.v4i0.264
https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2068
Grassman, E. J. (2006). What is the role of the third sector in Nordic care for elderly people? Nordic civic society organisations and the future of welfare services, 324.
Hansen, G. (2005). Prosjekt frivillige hjelpere i eldreomsorgen [Project voluntary workers in the care for the elderly]. Høgskolen i Østfold, Fredrikstad. (2005:1)
Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2006). Mestring, muligheter og mening: Framtidas omsorgsutfordringer (St.meld.nr. 25 (2005-2006)). Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/16e39820de5c485da382fd99165afaf7/no/pdfs/stm200520060025000dddpdfs.pdf
Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. (2013). Morgendagens omsorg (Meld. St. 29 (2012-2013)). Oslo: [Regjeringen].
Helse og omsorgsdepartementet. (2003). Forskrift om kvalitet i pleie- og omsorgstjenestene for tjenesteyting etter lov av 19. november 1982 nr. 66 om helsetjenesten i kommunene og etter lov av 13. desember 1991 nr. 81 om sosiale tjenester m.v. [Regulation of quality of care in health and social services regulated in the municipal health care act and social health care act]. Retrieved from https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2003-06-27-792
Helvik, A.-S., Engedal, K., & Selbæk, G. (2010). The quality of life and factors associated with it in the medically hospitalised elderly. Aging & mental health, 14(7), 861-869.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13607861003801003
Hoad, P. (2002). Drawing the line: the boundaries of volunteering in the community care of older people. Health & social care in the community, 10(4), 239-246.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.2002.00361.x
Hunter, K. I., & Linn, M. W. (1981). Psychosocial differences between elderly volunteers and non-volunteers. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 12(3), 205-213.
https://doi.org/10.2190/0H6V-QPPP-7JK4-LR38
Hussein, S., & Manthorpe, J. (2014). Volunteers Supporting Older People in Formal Care Settings in England Personal and Local Factors Influencing Prevalence and Type of Participation. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 33(8), 923-941.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464812455098
Johansen, V., & Lofthus, A. (2011). Kommunenes rekruttering til og oppfølging av frivillig omsorg [Municipalities recruitment and follow up of volunteer carers]. ØF-notat nr.: 11/2011. Retrieved from http://www.ostforsk.no/old/images/notater/112011.pdf
Kristiansen, M., Obstfelder, A., & Lotherington, A. T. (2015). Nurses' sensemaking of contradicting logics: An underexplored aspect of organisational work in nursing homes. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 330-337.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2015.04.003
Kristiansen, M., Westeren, K. I., Obstfelder, A., & Lotherington, A. T. (2016). Coping with increased managerial tasks: tensions and dilemmas in nursing leadership. Journal of Research in Nursing, 21(7), 492-502.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987116668940
Malterud, K. (2012). Systematic text condensation: a strategy for qualitative analysis. Scandinavian journal of public health, 40(8), 795-805.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494812465030
Mellow, M. (2007). Hospital volunteers and carework. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 44(4), 451-467.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2007.tb01352.x
Milligan, C., & Power, A. (2010). The changing geography of care. A companion to health and medical geography, 567-586.
Nødland, S. I., Bergsgard, N. A., Bjelland, A., & Leknes, E. (2007). Kommunenes samhandling med frivillig sektor [The municipalities cooperation with voluntray sector] Rapport IRIS. International Research Institute of Stavanger AS, Stavanger.
Pedersen, K. A., & Tingvoll, W.-A. (2014). Kompetanseutfordringer i sykehjem - en studie basert på sykepleieres erfaring fra hverdagssituasjoner [Challenges in competence in nursing homes - a study based on nurses experiences from workday situations] In B. Kassah, W.-A. Tingvoll, & A. K. Kassah (Eds.), Samhandlingsreformen under lupen: kvalitet, organisering og makt i helse og omsorgstjenestene. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Pfau-Effinger, B., & Rostgaard, T. (2011). Guest Editorial: Welfare-state change, the strengthening of economic principles, and new tensions in relation to care. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 2.
https://doi.org/10.15845/njsr.v2i0.128
https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2055
Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, happiness, and health: It's good to be good. International journal of behavioral medicine, 12(2), 66-77.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_4
Povlsen, L., & Borup, I. K. (2011). Holism in nursing and health promotion: distinct or related perspectives?–A literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 25(4), 798-805.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00885.x
Rønning, R. (2011). Frivillige og lønnende på samme lag. Om styrking av den frivillige innsatsen i omsorgsarbeidet i samspill med offentlig sektor [Volunteers and paid workers on the same team. Enhancing the contributions from volunteers in pulic care] Lillehammer: Østlandsforskningsrapport.
Rønning, R., Schanke, T., & Johansen, V. (2009). Frivillighetens muligheter i eldreomsorgen [The opportunities of volunterism in the care for the elderly]. ØF-rapport nr. 11/2009. Retrieved from http://www.ostforsk.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/112009.pdf
Schofield, H., Murphy, B., Herrman, H. E., Bloch, S., & Singh, B. S. (1998). Carers of people aged over 50 with physical impairment, memory loss and dementia: a comparative study. Ageing and Society, 18(03), 355-369.
Selbæk, G., Kirkevold, Ø., & Engedal, K. (2008). Psychiatric and behavioural symptoms and the use of psychotropic medication in Special Care Units and Regular Units in Norwegian nursing homes. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 22(4), 568-573.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00576.x
Selle, P. (1993). Voluntary organisations and the welfare state: The case of Norway. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 4(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01398382
Solbjør, M., Ljunggren, B., & Kleiven, H. H. (2014). Samarbeid mellom frivillig sektor og kommunale tjenester på pleie-og omsorgsfeltet. En kvalitativ studie [Cooperation between voluntray sector and municipal long-term care services. A qualitative study] Nordisk tidsskrift for helseforskning, 10(1), 43-55.
https://doi.org/10.7557/14.3009
Studer, S., & von Schnurbein, G. (2013). Organizational factors affecting volunteers: A literature review on volunteer coordination. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(2), 403-440.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9268-y
Tjora, A. (2017). Kvalitative forskningsmetoder i praksis. 3. utgave. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS.
Tones, K., & Tilford, S. (2001). Health promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Leeds: Nelson Thornes.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11320-7_1
Trägårdh, L., Selle, P., Henriksen, L. S., & Hallin, H. (2013). Civilsamhället klämt mellan stat och kapital: välfärd, mångfald, framtid. Stockholm: SNS förlag.
Tyrholm, B. V., Kvangarsnes, M., & Bergem, R. (2016). Mellomlederes vurdering av kompetansebehov i sykepleie etter samhandlingsreformen. In M. Kvangarsnes, J. I. Håvold, & Ø. Helgesen (Eds.), Innovasjon og entreprenørskap: Fjordantologien 2015 (pp. 174-187). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
https://doi.org/10.18261/9788215027623-2016-09
Vabø, M. (2012). Norwegian home care in transition–heading for accountability, off‐loading responsibilities. Health & social care in the community, 20(3), 283-291.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2012.01058.x
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2018-04-17
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Tingvold, L., & Olsvold, N. (2018). Not just "sweet old ladies" - challenges in voluntary work in the long-term care services. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 9. https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2174
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