Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i offentlig sektor i Norge: Mye hørt, men lite sett?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7577/nat.4876Emneord (Nøkkelord):
desentralisering, myndiggjøring, målstyring, organisasjonsresultater, reformerSammendrag
Denne artikkelen utforsker utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse (TBSL) og hvordan tillitsbasert styring og ledelse påvirker tillit mellom ledere og ansatte og organisasjoners resultater i offentlig sektor i Norge. Idéen om tillitsbasert styring og ledelse springer ut fra reformer i København kommune i 2012 og har siden spredd seg til den offentlige sektoren i Norge og Sverige. Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse blir av mange oppfattet som en innovasjon og forskjellig fra tradisjonell styring og kontroll. Det er nå kommet en del studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i Danmark og Sverige, men det er så langt få empirisk baserte studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse utover case-studier. Analysen bruker spørreskjemadata fra 143 ledere og ansatte i offentlig virksomhet, og dette er den første analysen av utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse og dens virkninger i Norge. Resultatene viser at det har vært lite endring i tillitsbasert styring og ledelse de siste årene, og kommunene hadde mer tillitsbasert styring og ledelse enn statlige organisasjoner. Multivariate analyser med PLS-SEM viser at økt tillitsbasert styring og ledelse har en direkte positiv sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater så vel som en positiv indirekte sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater gjennom tillit, som forventet fra teorien.
Statistikk
Referanser
Adler, P. S. (2001). Market, hierarchy, and trust: The knowledge economy and the future of capitalism. Organization Science, 12(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.12.2.215.10117 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.12.2.215.10117
Andreasson, U. (2017). Trust – The Nordic gold. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. https://doi.org/10.6027/ANP2017-737 https://doi.org/10.6027/ANP2017-737
Andrews, R., Boyne, G. A., Moon, M. J. & Walker, R. M. (2010). Assessing organizational performance: Exploring differences between internal and external measures. International Public Management Journal, 13(2), 105–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967491003766533 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967491003766533
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Co-operation. New York: Basic Books.
Baldersheim, H. & Ståhlberg, K. (Eds.) (1994). Towards the Self-regulating Municipality: Free Communes and Modernization in Scandinavia. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
Bedford, D. S. & Malmi, T. (2015). Configurations of control: An exploratory analysis. Management Accounting Research, 27, 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2015.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2015.04.002
Bentzen, T. Ø. (2018). Tillidsbaseret styring og ledelse i offentlige organisationer. København: Jurist- og Økonomforbundet.
Bentzen, T. Ø. (2019). The birdcage Is open but will the bird fly? The interplay between institutional and interactional trust in public organizations. Journal of Trust Research, 9(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2019.1633337 https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2019.1633337
Bentzen, T. Ø. (2020). Samskabt styring: Nye veje til afbureaukratisering. København: Samfundslitteratur.
Bernstrøm, V. H. & Svare, H. (2017). Significance of monitoring and control for employees’ felt trust, motivation, and mastery. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 7(4), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.v7i4.102356 https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.v7i4.102356
Bhattacharya, R., Devinney, T. & Pillutla, M. M. (1998). A formal model of trust based on outcomes. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926621 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926621
Bouckaert, G. (2012). Trust and public administration. Administration, 60(1), 91–115.
Boyne, G. A. (2003). What is public service improvement? Public Administration, 81(2), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00343 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00343
Bradach, J. L. & Eccles, R. G. (1989). Price, authority, and trust: From ideal types to plural forms. Annual Review of Sociology, 15: 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000525 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000525
Bringselius, L. (2018). Tillit – En ledningsfilosofi för framtidens offentliga sektor. Helsingborg: KomLitt.
Byrkjeflot, H. (red.) (1997). Fra styring til ledelse. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Byrkjeflot, H., Myklebust, S., Myrvang, C. & Sejersted, F. (Eds.) (2001). The Democratic Challenge to Capitalism: Management and Democracy in the Nordic Countries. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Carlzon, J. i samarbeid med Lagerström, T. (1985). Riv pyramidene!: En bok om det nye mennesket, sjefen og lederen. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Christensen, T. & Lægreid, P. (2005). Trust in government: The relative importance of service satisfaction, political factors, and demography. Public Performance & Management Review, 28(4), 487–511. www.jstor.com/stable/3381308
Christensen, T., Egeberg, M., Lægreid, P., Roness, P. G. & Røvik, K. A. (2015). Organisasjonsteori for offentlig sektor. 3. utg. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Christensen, T., Yamamoto, K. & Aoyagi, S. (2020). Trust in local government: Service satisfaction, culture, and demography. Administration & Society, 52(8), 1268–1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399719897392 https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399719897392
Conway, J. M. & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficent alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Dallner, M., Elo, A.L., Gamberale, F., Hottinen, V., Knardahl, S., Lindström, K. & Ørhede, E. (2000). Validation of the General Nordic Questionnaire (QPSNordic) for psychological and social factors at work. Copenhagen: The Nordic Council of Ministers.
Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D. & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 20–47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/259223 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707180258
Dietz, G. & Den Hartog, D. N. (2006). Measuring trust inside organisations. Personnel Review, 35(5): 557–588. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480610682299 https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480610682299
Difi 2019:7. Program for toppledergrupper i staten – erfaringer og anbefalinger. Direktoratet for forvaltning og ikt. https://arbeidsgiver.difi.no/sites/default/files/ny_konstruktiv_uro_-_toppledelse_i_staten_-_erfaringsrapport_program_for_toppledergrupper.pdf
Donaldson, L. (1995). American Anti-Management Theories of Organization: A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Donaldson, L. (2001). The Contingency Theory of Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229249 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229249
Drucker, P. F. (1976). What results should you expect? A user’s guide to MBO. Public Administration Review, 36(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/974736 https://doi.org/10.2307/974736
Elmersjö, M. & Sundin, E. (2021). Intra-organisational trust and home care services: A study of the process of implementing trust based practices in municipal eldercare in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 25(2), 3–21. https://ojs.ub.gu.se/index.php/sjpa/article/view/5033/4029
European Policy Centre (2005). The Nordic Model: A Recipe for European Success? EPC Working Paper No. 20. https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/The-Nordic-model-A-recipe-for-European-success~2304d8
Falkum, E. (2020). Makt og opposisjon i arbeidslivet: Maktforskyvninger fra 1900 til 2020. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.
Fukuyama, F. (2016). Governance: What do we know, and how do we know it? Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042214-044240 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042214-044240
George, B. & Pandey, S. K. (2017). We know the yin – but where is the yang? Toward a balanced approach on common source bias in public administration scholarship. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(2), 245–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17698189 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17698189
Gillespie, N. (2015). Survey measures of trust in organizational contexts: An overview. In G. M. l. Fergus Lyon & Mark N.K. Saunders (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods on Trust (pp. 225–240). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547419.00031 https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547419.00031
Greve, C., Ejersbo, N., Lægreid, P. & Rykkja, L. H. (2020). Unpacking Nordic administrative reforms: Agile and adaptive governments. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(8), 697–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1645688 https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1645688
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Black, W. C. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis. 8th edition. Cengage.
Hartley, J. (2018). Ten propositions about public leadership. International Journal of Public Leadership, 14(4), 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-09-2018-0048 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-09-2018-0048
Henseler, J. (2017). ADANCO 2.0.1 User manual. Kleve, Germany: Composite Modeling.
Henseler, J. (2021). Composite-Based Structural Equation Modeling: Analyzing Latent and Emergent Variables. New York: Guilford Press.
Hermansen, T. & Stigen, I. M. (2013). Ble det en bedre organisert stat? Nordisk Administrativt Tidsskrift, 90(3), 153–171. https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/bitstream/handle/10642/1963/1103202.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x
Jacobides, M. G. & Croson, D. C. (2001). Information policy: Shaping the value of agency relationships. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.2307/259119 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378014
Jacobsen, D. I. (1999). Trust in political-administrative relations: The case of local authorities in Norway and Tanzania. World Development, 27(5), 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00032-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00032-7
Jacobsen, D. I. (2019). Ledelse og den offentlige dimensjon: En sammenligning av ledere i offentlige og private organisasjoner. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Jakobsen, M. & Jensen, R. (2015). Common method bias in public management studies. International Public Management Journal, 18(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2014.997906 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2014.997906
Jensen, U. T., Andersen, L. B., Bro, L. L., Bøllingtoft, A., Eriksen, T. L. M., Holten, A. L., Jacobsen, C. B., Ladenburg, J., Nielsen, P. A., Salomonsen, H. H., Westergård-Nielsen, N. & Würtz, A. (2019). Conceptualizing and measuring transformational and transactional leadership. Administration and Society, 51(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716667157 https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716667157
Jensen, M. C. (2003). Paying people to lie: the truth about the budgeting process. European Financial Management, 9(3), 379–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-036X.00226 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-036X.00226
Knutsen, O. (Ed.) (2017). The Nordic Models in Political Science: Challenged, but Still Viable? Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Kuvaas, B. & Dysvik, A. (2020). Lønnsomhet gjennom menneskelige ressurser: Evidensbasert HRM. 4. utgave. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Ladegård, G. & Vabo, S. I. (red.) (2010). Ledelse og styring. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Le Grand, J. (2010). Knights and knaves return: Public service motivation and the delivery of public services. International Public Management Journal, 13(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490903547290 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490903547290
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
March, J. G. & Sutton, R. I. (1997). Organizational performance as a dependent variable. Organization Science, 8(6), 697–706. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2635165 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.6.698
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734. www.jstor.org/stable/258792 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080335
McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24–59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/256727 https://doi.org/10.5465/256727
McEvily, B. & Tortoriello, M. (2011). Measuring trust in organisational research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Trust Research, 1(1), 23–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2011.552424 https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2011.552424
McEvily, B., Perrone, V. & Zaheer, A. (2003). Trust as an organizing principle. Organization Science, 14(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.1.91.12814 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.1.91.12814
Meier, K. J., Winter, S. C., O’Toole, L. J. Jr., Favero, N. & Andersen, S. C. (2015). The validity of subjective performance measures: School principals in Texas and Denmark. Public Administration, 93(4), 1084–1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12180 https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12180
Meyer, J.P. & Allen, N.J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
NOU 1989:5. En bedre organisert stat (Hermansen-utvalget). Oslo: Forbruker- og administrasjonsdepartementet.
Offerdal, A. & Jacobsen, J. O. (1993). Auftragstaktik in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Defence and Security Analysis, 9(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07430179308405581 https://doi.org/10.1080/07430179308405581
Osborne, S. P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022
Oslo kommune (2017). Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i Oslo kommune. Byrådssak 1055/17.
Ouchi, W. G. (1980). Markets, bureaucracies and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1), 129–141. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392231 https://doi.org/10.2307/2392231
Pandey, S. K. & Rainey, H. G. (2006). Public managers’ perceptions of organizational goal ambiguity: Analyzing alternative models. International Public Management Journal, 9(2), 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490600766953 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490600766953
Pettersen, I. J. (2011). Trust-based or performance-based management – a study of employment contracting in hospitals. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 26, 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.981 https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.981
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2017). Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis – Into The Age of Austerity. 4th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rothstein, B. (2011). The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust, and Inequality in International Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226729589.001.0001 https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226729589.001.0001
Røiseland, A. & Vabo, S. I. (2016). Styring og samstyring – governance på norsk. 2. utgave. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Rousseau, D. M., Burt, R. S., Sitkin, S. B. & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926617 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926617
Røvik, K. A. (2007). Trender og translasjoner: Ideer som former det 21. århundrets organisasjon. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C. & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review, 32(2),344–354. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24348410 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24348410
Singh, S., Darwish, T. K. & Potočnik, K. (2016). Measuring organizational performance: A case for subjective measures. British Journal of Management, 27(1), 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12126 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12126
Siverbo, S. (2021). The impact of management controls on public managers’ well-being. Financial Accountability & Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12290 https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12290
Slartmann, K. I., Johnsen, Å. & Wittrock, C. (2021, 25. november). Diskursen om tillitsbasert styring og ledelse: En analyse av norske aviser 2010–2020. [Paperpresentasjon.] Nettverk for organisasjonsforskning i Norge (NEON), Lillehammer.
Sørhaug, T. (2004). Managementalitet og autoritetens forvandling: Ledelse i en kunnskapsøkonomi. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
SOU 2018:38. Styra och leda med tillit. Forskning och praktik. Stockholm: Regeringen. https://www.regeringen.se/49d62e/contentassets/0aa3c27a6cee4f78830cd1f56844b087/styra-och-leda-med-tillit.-forskning-och-praktik-sou-201838.pdf
Steers, R. M. (1975). Problems in the measurement of organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20(4), 546–558. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392022 https://doi.org/10.2307/2392022
The jamovi project (2021). jamovi (Version 1.6) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org
Vallentin, S., & Thygesen, N. T. (2017). Trust and control in public sector reform: Complementarity and beyond. Journal of Trust Research, 7(2), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2017.1354766 https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2017.1354766
Van de Ven, A. H. & Ferry, D. L. (1980). Measuring and Assessing Organizations. New York: Wiley.
Verbeeten, F. H. M. & Speklé, R. F. (2015). Management control, results-oriented culture and public sector performance: Empirical evidence on new public management. Organization Studies, 36(7), 953–978. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615580014 https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615580014
Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: The Free Press.
Nedlastinger
Publisert
Utgave
Seksjon
Lisens
Opphavsrett 2022 Åge Johnsen; Helge Svare, Christian Wittrock
Dette verket er lisensiert under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cited by
