Nordiske tillitsreformer

Författare

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7577/nat.6419

Nyckelord:

iverksetting, magisk konsept, styringsmodeller

Abstract

Høye tillitsnivåer har lenge vært en grunnpilar i de nordiske velferdsstatene, men som i de senere tiår har blitt utfordret av kontroll- og rapporteringsorienterte styringsmodeller. Som et svar på denne utfordringen, har Danmark, Sverige og Norge har utviklet tillitsreformer som søker å styrke profesjonell autonomi, redusere byråkrati og forbedre kvaliteten i offentlige tjenester. I denne artikkelen diskuterer vi reformene i lys av tre styringsparadigmer – tradisjonell offentlig administrasjon, ny offentlig styring og ny offentlig samstyring – og illustrerer hvordan tillit både kan utfordre og kombineres med etablerte modeller. Sammenlikningen mellom de tre landene viser pragmatiske og gjentatte reformbølger i Danmark, en forskningsbasert, men svakt implementert satsing i Sverige, og en norsk variant forankret i trepartssamarbeid og lokale piloter. Kommunesektoren fremstår som en nøkkelarena, der «myke» tiltak som verdiforankring og ledelsesutvikling dominerer, mens «harde» strukturelle endringer er mer begrenset.

Författarbiografier

Tina Øllgaard Bentzen, Roskilde Universitet

PhD, Lektor ved Institut for Samfundsvidenskab og Erhverv, Roskilde School of Governance, Roskilde Universitet

Marte Winsvold, Institutt for samfunnsforskning

Forsker I ved Institutt for samfunnsforskning

Referenser

Abrahamson, E., & Fairchild, G. (1999). Management fashion: Lifecycles, triggers, and collective learning processes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 708–740. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667053 https://doi.org/10.2307/2667053

Allentoft, N. (2014.06.18). Tillidsreform i tomgang: Stigende frustrationer over offentlig modernisering. Denoffentlige.dk.

Almqvist, R., Catasús, B., & Wällstedt, N. (2013.11.27). New Public Management har skapat rädda organisationer. Dagens Nyheter. https://www.dn.se/debatt/new-public-management-har-skapat-radda-organisationer/

Andreasson, U. (2017). Trust - the Nordic gold. Nordic Council of Ministers. https://doi.org/10.6027/ANP2017-737 https://doi.org/10.6027/ANP2017-737

Aspøy, A. (2016). Tillitsreform i Skandinavia. Stat & Styring, 26(3), 14–16. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN0809-750X-2016-03-05 https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN0809-750X-2016-03-05

Aspøy, A. (2023.04.10). Hvor mye tillit kan vi ha til at regjeringen virkelig tar tillitsreformen seriøst? Aftenposten. https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/15xQ2l/hvor-mye-tillit-kan-vi-ha-til-at-regjeringen-virkelig-tar-tillitsreformen-serioest

Bentzen, T. Ø. (2015). Tillidsbaseret styring og ledelse i offentlige organisationer - I springet fra ambition til praksis. Roskilde University.

Bentzen, T. Ø. (2019a). The birdcage is open but will the bird fly? The interplay between institutional and interactional trust in public organizations. Journal of Trust Research, 9(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2019.1633337 https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2019.1633337

Bentzen, T. Ø. (2019b). The translational diamond: Robust translation of magic concepts in public organizations. International Journal of Public Leadership, 15(2), 94–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-11-2018-0056 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-11-2018-0056

Bentzen, T. Ø. (2022). Veje og vildveje set fra et dansk perspektiv. Stat & Styring, 32(2), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.18261/stat.32.2.8 https://doi.org/10.18261/stat.32.2.8

Bentzen, T. Ø., & Bringselius, L. (2023). Translating trust as a magic concept in public sector reforms: A comparative study of the Danish and Swedish trust reform. International Public Management Journal, 26(5), 764–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2023.2223198 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2023.2223198

Bentzen, T. Ø., Lo, C., & Winsvold, M. (2019). Strengthening local political leadership through institutional design: How and why. Local Government Studies, 46(3), 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1690994 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1690994

Bentzen, T. Ø., Siverbo, S., & Winsvold, M. (2025). Keeping the magic alive: The multiple functions of magic concepts. Public Administration Review, 85(2), 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13814 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13814

Bergh, A., & Bjørnskov, C. (2011). Historical trust levels predict the current size of the welfare state. Kyklos, 64(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00492.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00492.x

Boswell, J. (2023). Magical thinking in public policy: Why naive ideals about better policymaking persist in cynical times. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848789.001.0001 https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848789.001.0001

Boxenbaum, E., & Jonsson, S. (2008). Isomorphism, diffusion and decoupling. I R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, K. Sahlin, E. Boxenbaum, & S. Jonsson (Red.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism (s. 78–98). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200387.n3 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200387.n3

Bringselius, L. (2017). Tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning—Ett ramverk (Samtal om tillit i styrning, Tillitsdelegationen, s. 28). Lund universitet. https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/35941881/Rapport_Tillitsdelegationen_2017_2_upplaga_2.pdf

Bringselius, L. (2023). Trust-based public management: Conceptualization and lessons from the Swedish trust reform. In C. Greve & T. Ysa (Eds.), Handbook on Strategic Public Management. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789907193.00026 https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789907193.00026

Byrkjeflot, H. (2024). A Nordic model of associative governance? I A. Brink-Lund, H. Byrkjeflot, & S. Christensen (Red.), Associative Governance in Scandinavia (1. utg., s. 23–56). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003382775-3 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003382775-3

Carey, G., Malbon, E., Carey, N., & Newman, E. (2018). Strange magic: What can the emergence of “magic concepts” tell us about policy implementation? Policy Design and Practice, 1(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1499414 https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1499414

DFØ. (2023). Lærdommer fra arbeid med tillitsreform i skandinaviske land (DFØ-notat 2023:1). Direktoratet for forvaltning og økonomistyring. https://dfo.no/sites/default/files/2023-01/DFO-notat-2023-1-Laerdommer-fra-arbeid-med%20tillitsreform-i-skandinaviske-land.pdf

Dunleavy, P., & Hood, C. (1994). From old public administration to new public management. Public Money & Management, 14(3), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540969409387823 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540969409387823

Edelman inc. (2022). Edelman Trust Barometer 2022. https://doi.org/10.69645/FDNT9134 https://doi.org/10.69645/FDNT9134

Elmersjö, M., & Sundin, E. (2021). Intra-organisational trust and home care services: A study of the process of implementing trust-based practices in municipal eldercare in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 25(2), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.58235/sjpa.v25i2.7108 https://doi.org/10.58235/sjpa.v25i2.7108

Finansministeriet. (2017). Sammenhængsreformen. Borgeren først – en mere sammenhængende offentlig sektor. Finansministeriet. https://regeringen.dk/media/y1gdpdyf/sammenhaengsreform_borgeren-foerst-en-mere-sammenhaengende-offentlig-sektor.pdf

Frost, M., & Moussavi, F. (2011). Trust in the Scandinavian workplace. Sage Publications.

Gjørup, J., Hjortdal, H., Jensen, T., & Lerborg, L. (2007.03.29). Tilgiv os – vi vidste ikke hvad vi gjorde. Politiken. https://www.cbs.dk/files/cbs.dk/tilgiv_os_-_vi_vidste_ikke_hvad_vi_gjorde.pdf

Greve, C., & Ejersbo, N. (2003). When public-private partnerships fail: The extreme case of the NPM-inspired local government of Farum in Denmark. Droit Public et Moderniser l’État, 3(6).

Håkansson, H. (2022). Contradictions of ordered trust: Trust-based work and conflicting logics in municipal care. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 12(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.130174 https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.130174

Hjelmar, U., Lindeberg, N. H., Foged, S. K., Nicholaisen, J. S., Schoop, S. R., & Bech, A. (2023). Forsøg med frisættelse i syv kommuner på dagtilbuds-, folkeskole- og ældreområdet, 2021-22. VIVE - Det Nationale Forsknings- og Analysecenter for Velfærd. https://www.vive.dk/en/publications/midtvejsevaluering-af-velfaerdsaftaler-0xg63gzk/

Holm, T & Aasland, S.G. (2015). Tillit og styring (Perspektivnotat, s. 21). Tankesmien Agenda.

Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x

Hood, C. (1995). The “new public management” in the 1980s: Variations on a theme. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(2–3), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(93)E0001-W https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(93)E0001-W

Hood, C., & Dixon, R. (2015). A Government That Worked Better and Cost Less? Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687022.001.0001 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687022.001.0001

Houlberg, K., & Ejersbo, N. (2020). Municipalities and Regions - Approaching the Limit of Decentralization? In P. M. Christiansen, J. Elklit, & P. Nedergaard (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Danish Politics (pp. 141–159). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198833598.013.10 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198833598.013.10

Johnsen, Å. (2025). Trust reforms in Scandinavia: Assessments of adoption and impacts of trust-based management in public sector organizations. I E. Pekkola, J.-E. Johanson, M. Mikkonen, J. Stenvall, & E. Siirtola (Red.), Future Public Governance and Global Crises (s. 72–87). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035318674.00014 https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035318674.00014

Johnsen, Å., & Svare, H. (Red.). (2024). Tillitsreformer og tillitsbasert styring og ledelse. Fagbokforlaget. https://fagbokforlaget.no/produkt/9788245049060-tillitsreformer-og-tillitsbasert-styring-og-ledelse

Johnsen, Å., & Vatn, G. (2024). Problemforståelser, oversettelser og politikk: Tillitsreformen i Oslo kommune 2015–2017. I Å. Johnsen & H. Svare (Red.), Tillitsreformer og tillitsbasert styring og ledelse (s. 71–103). Fagbokforlaget.

Johnsen, Å., Svare, H., & Wittrock, C. (2022). Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i offentlig sektor i Norge: Mye hørt, men lite sett? Nordisk Administrativt Tidsskrift, 99(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.7577/nat.4876 https://doi.org/10.7577/nat.4876

Klausen, K. K. (1998). Indikatorer på NPM’s gradvise men begrænsede gennemslag i Danmark. In K. K. Klausen & K. Ståhlberg (Eds.), New Public Management i Norden (pp. 32–49). Odense Universitetsforlag.

Knudsen, T., & Rothstein, B. (1994). State building in Scandinavia. Comparative Politics, 26(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/422268 https://doi.org/10.2307/422268

Krogh, A. H., & Triantafillou, P. (2024). Developing New Public Governance as a public management reform model. Public Management Review, 26(10), 3040-3056. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2024.2313539 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2024.2313539

LO og OAO. (2012). Undersøgelse blandt offentlige ansatte i LO-forbund. København.

Ministry of Finance (Finland). (2019). The role of public governance in strengthening trust (Policy Brief 4/2019). Public Governance Department. https://vm.fi/documents/10623/12914468/Policy_Brief_4_2019.pdf

Nagell, H. W. (2021). Tillitsreform på norsk (No. 1/2021; Agendanotat, s. 1–43). Tankesmien Agenda. https://www.tankesmienagenda.no/notater/tillitsreform-pa-norsk

Nosrati, E., Strand, A. H., Lien, L., & Seifert, L. C. (2022). Tillitsreformen i offentlig sektor: Rommet mellom offentlig ansattes skjønnsutøvelse og brukernes behov for likeverdige tjenester (Fafo-notat No. 2021:10; s. 22). Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2022/10372.pdf

NOU 2023:9. (2023). Generalistkommunesystemet: Likt ansvar – ulike forutsetninger (Norges offentlige utredninger, s. 300). Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2023-9/id2968517/

Nyhan, R. C. (2000). Changing the paradigm: Trust and its role in public sector organizations. The American Review of Public Administration, 30(1), 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740022064560 https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740022064560

OECD. (2017). Trust in government: Evidence, issues, and action. OECD Publishing.

Osborne, S. P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022

Pollitt, C., & Hupe, P. (2011). Talking about governance: The role of magic concepts. Public Management Review, 13(5), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2010.532963 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2010.532963

Regeringen, Akademikerne, Danske Regioner, FTF, Kommunernes Landsforening, & OAO. (2013). Principper for samarbejde mellem parter på det offentlige arbejdsmarked om modernisering.

Regeringen. (2011). Et Danmark, der står sammen. Statsministeriet. https://www.stm.dk/statsministeriet/publikationer/et-danmark-der-staar-sammen/

Regeringen. (2016). Tillit i styrningen Dir. 2016:51 (Kommittédirektiv). Finansdepartementet. https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/ef675538ed2b4a21afec87a45c6fa3c0/tillit-i-styrningen-dir.-201651

Regeringen. (2018). Sammenhængsreformen: Mere frihed, tillid og tryghed. Finansministeriet. https://regeringen.dk/media/xevf3fvs/sammenhaengsreformen-mere-frihed-tillid-og-tryghed_web.pdf

Regeringen. (2022.12.14). Ansvar for Danmark: Det politiske grundlag for Danmarks regering. Statsministeriet. https://stm.dk/statsministeriet/publikationer/regeringsgrundlag-2022/

Regeringen. (2023). DK2030 Danmark rustet til fremtiden. Finansministeriet. https://regeringen.dk/media/kc4fdtol/dk2030-danmark-rustet-til-fremtiden_web.pdf

Regeringen. (2024). Regeringens ældrereform – Du bliver aldrig for gammel til at have det godt. Social-, Bolig- og Ældreministeriet. https://regeringen.dk/aktuelt/publikationer-og-aftaletekster/regeringens-aeldreudspil-du-bliver-aldrig-for-gammel-til-at-have-det-godt/

Ringen, S. (2023). The story of Scandinavia: From the Vikings to social democracy. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Ringen, S. (2024). Fortellingen om Skandinavia. Gyldendal.

Rothstein, B., & Holmberg, S. (2022). Social tillit i höglitarlandet Sverige. Göteborgs universitet. https://www.gu.se/sites/default/files/2022-12/Social%20tillit%20i%20höglitarlandet%20Sverige.pdf

Sigurgeirsdóttir, S., & Johnsen, G. (2018). Public trust in Institutions in pre- and post-crisis Iceland (II): Institutionalised mistrust. I T. O. Sigurjonsson, D. L. Schwarzkopf, & M. Bryant (Red.), The Return of Trust? Institutions and the Public after the Icelandic Financial Crisis (s. 151–170). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-347-220181012

Sigurgeirsdóttir, S., & Johnsen, G. (2018). Public trust in institutions in pre-and post-crisis Iceland (II): Institutionalised mistrust. In The Return of Trust? Institutions and the Public after the Icelandic Financial Crisis (pp. 151-170). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-347-220181012

Siverbo, S., Johansson-Berg, T., Øllgaard Bentzen, T., & Winsvold, M. (2024). On the diffusion and implementation of trust-based management in Scandinavia: Cross-country survey evidence. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 37(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2023-0020 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2023-0020

Six, F., & Sorge, A. (2008). Creating a high-trust organization: An exploration into organizational policies that stimulate interpersonal trust building. Journal of Management Studies, 45(5), 857–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00763.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00763.x

Skirbekk, H., & Grimen, H. (2012). Tillit i Norge. Res Publica.

SOU 2019:43. (2019). Med tillit följer bättre resultat – tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning i staten (Statens offentliga utredningar). https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/792a8511629447d8abf5aa2520161631/med-tillit-foljer-battre-resultat--tillitsbaserad-styrning-och-ledning-i-staten-sou-201943.pdf

Svendsen, G. L. H., & Svendsen, G. T. (2015). The puzzle of the Scandinavian welfare state and social trust. Issues in Social Science, 3(2), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.5296/iss.v3i2.8597 https://doi.org/10.5296/iss.v3i2.8597

Svendsen, G. T., & Svendsen, G. L. H. (2016). Trust, social capital, and the Scandinavian welfare state. Edward Elgar. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/trust-social-capital-and-the-scandinavian-welfare-state-9781848440647.html https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785365584

Torfing, J. (2023). Rethinking Public Governance. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789909777 https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789909777

Torfing, J., & Bentzen, T. Ø. (2020). Does stewardship theory provide a viable alternative to control-fixated performance management? Administrative Sciences, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040086 https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040086

Torfing, J., & Bentzen, T. Ø. (2022). The Danish control‒trust balance in public governance. I A. Hagedorn Krogh, A. Agger, & P. Triantafillou (Red.), Public Governance in Denmark (s. 111–129). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-712-820221007 https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-712-820221007

Torfing, J., Andersen, L. B., Greve, C., & Klausen, K. K. (2020). Public governance paradigms: Competing and co-existing. Edward Elgar.

Torfing, J., Andersen, L. B., Greve, C., & Klausen, K. K. (2020). Public Governance Paradigms: Competing and Co-Existing. Edward Elgar. https://www.elgaronline.com/monobook/9781788971218/9781788971218.xml https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788971225

Torfing, J., Sørensen, E., & Røiseland, A. (2019). Transforming the public sector into an arena for co-creation: Barriers, drivers, benefits, and ways forward. Administration & Society, 51(5), 795–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716680057 https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716680057

Vallentin, S., & Thygesen, N. T. (2017). Trust and control in public sector reform: Complementarity and beyond. Journal of Trust Research, 7(2), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2017.1354766 https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2017.1354766

Van De Walle, S. (2013). The role of trust in public services and public sector reform. In: Madureira, C. & Asensio, M. (Eds), Handbook de Administração Pública (pp. 145–158).

Weber, M. (2004). Bureaucracy. In J. M. Shafritz, A. C. Hyde, & S. J. Parkes (Eds.), Classics of Public Adminstration (Fifth edition, pp. 50–55). Thomson Wadsworth.

Winsvold, M., & Bentzen, T. Ø. (2020). Konfliktparadokset: Samarbeid og konflikt i kommunepolitikken. I A. Røiseland & S. Varbo (Red.), Folkevalgt og politisk leder (pp. 34–61). Cappelen Damm. https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.80.ch2 https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.80.ch2

Winsvold, M., Haugsgjerd, A., Saglie, J., & Segaard, S. B. (2024). What makes people trust or distrust politicians? Insights from open-ended survey questions. West European Politics, 47(4), 759-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2268459 https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2268459

Publicerad

2025-09-14

Cited by